托福独立写作技巧分享之定义法

感谢毕达Jammy老师提供：托福独立写作中的“定义法”
从小学开始，写作老师就告诉我们一篇优秀的作文的结构一定是“凤头-猪肚-豹尾” 。它要求一篇文章：开头要像凤头那样美丽、精彩；主体像猪肚子那样有充实、丰富的内容；结尾像豹尾一样有力。这一要求在托福独立写作中同样适用，但怎样才能写出一个能够抓住考官眼睛的开头段呢？这往往是万千考生最为纠结的一个难题。

A good beginning is half done（良好的开端是成功的一半）。独立写作也如此，常用的开头方法也很多，其中下定义法是最直接最容易运用的一种方法，尤其是看到题目就一筹莫展无从写起的同学，或是日夜挣扎在独立300字数线的考友们。如能在平时积累的过程中记住一些（独立作文题目涉及的）常用概念的定义，考试的时候能用到几个定义句，那么下笔就犹如滔滔江水绵绵不绝！！

“科技”定义：
Technology is the activity or study of using scientific knowledge for practical purposes in industry, farming, medicine, business, etc.
可能用到的题目：
Technology designed to make our life simpler actually makes our life more complicated.

“电话”定义：
The telephone is a technology of communication that makes it possible for people to talk directly to someone else in a different place.
可能用到的题目：
Telephone has had greater effects on people's lives than television.

“电视”定义：
Television, a communicative medium sending and receiving pictures and sounds by electrical signals, has become a traditional form of mass media and part of the modern culture.
可能用到的题目：
The purpose of television should be all educative, not entertaining.

“电影”定义：
Movies, moving pictures that can tell stories or show reality, have become a mainstream form of art and an important way of entertainment.
可能用到的题目：
Movies and TV have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.

“电子书”定义：
An electronic book refers to a book-length publication in digital form.
可能用到的题目：
In twenty years from now, students will not use printed books anymore.

“旅行”定义：
Travel means one’s moving from a familiar place to another or to several places.
 可能用到的题目：
Which way is the best for students to make new friends: joining a sport team, participating in community activities, or travelling?

“体育运动”定义：
Sports are games such as football, tennis and other activities which need physical effort and skill.
 可能用到的题目：
Sports can teach people important lessons on the understanding of life.

“社会生活”定义：
Social life consists of the activities in which people socialize, for example in their houses or at parties.
可能用到的题目：
It is more important for schools to fund their students’ social activities than to improve students’ meals.

“社交技能”定义：
Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others.
可能用到的题目：
Students should not take part-time jobs while they are studying in universities.

“建议”定义：
If people give you advice, they tell you what they think you should do in a particular situation.
可能用到的题目：
Getting advice from people who are older than you is more valuable than from people of your age.

“政府”定义：
A government is the group of people who are responsible for governing a country for a particular time.
可能用到的题目：
People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members so there's no need for the government to help them.

“教育”定义：
Education is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research.
可能用到的题目：
Improving schools is the most important factor in the successful development of a country.

“大学”定义：
A university is an institution where students study for degrees and where academic research is done.
可能用到的题目：
For the successful development of a county, a government should focus its budget more on the education of very young children (5—10 years old) rather than on university.

“教授”定义：
A professor is a scholarly teacher whose duty consists of both teaching and doing research.
可能用到的题目：
It is more important for professor to teach students than to do researches.

“艺术”和“艺术家”定义：
Art is the creation and production of paintings, drawings, sculptures, etc., when these things are considered to be beautiful or to express in a unique way a particular idea or meaning.
Artists are people who create and produce works of art as their jobs or hobbies.
可能用到的题目：
The government should support artists rather than let them support themselves.

“经济”定义：
版本一：An economy is the system according to which the money, industry, and trade of a country or region are organized.
版本二：A country’s economy is the wealth that it gets from business and industry.
可能用到的题目：
Governments should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development.

“医疗”定义：
Health care is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, etc. in humans.
可能用到的题目：
When in times of economy crisis, government should spend less money on which part? Education, Health Care or support for unemployed?

“音乐”定义：
Music consists of sounds that are put together in a pattern and performed by people either using instruments or singing in order to give them pleasure.
可能用到的题目：
Young children (aged 5-10) should be required to learn music and art in addition to math, science, history and language.

“工作”定义：
A job is an activity one does regularly for payment.
可能用到的题目：
A secure job with lower pay is better than a job with higher pay but easy to lose.

“社会”定义：
版本一：A society is the people who live in a country or region, their organizations, and their way of life.
版本二：Society is people in general, thought of as a large organized group.
可能用到的题目：
The most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime.

“文化”定义：
Culture consists of the ideas, customs, and art that are produced or shared by a particular society.
可能用到的题目：
Movies and TV programs produced in our own country are more interesting than foreign ones.

“环境”定义：
The environment is the natural surroundings in which people live.
可能用到的题目：
Environmental issues are too complex for individuals to deal with.

“乐观”定义：
Optimism is the feeling of being hopeful about the future and the belief that a particular situation or course of action will be successful.
可能用到的题目：
Do you think success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail?

“耐心”定义：
Patience is one’s ability to control his/her feelings so that he/she does not get annoyed, even in situations which other people would find annoying or frustrating.
可能用到的题目：
Patience is usually not a good strategy. We should take action now rather than later.

“交流”定义：
Communication is the activity or process of giving information to other people, using signals such as speech, body movements, or online messages.
可能用到的题目：
Communication skill is the most important characteristic of successful leadership.

“公司”定义：
A company is a business organization that exists in order to make money by selling goods or services.
可能用到的题目：
Businesses should hire their employees for their entire life.

“广告”定义：
Advertising is the activities of showing products, events or jobs in public in order to encourage people to buy the products, go to the events, or apply for the jobs.
可能用到的题目：
In order to succeed, a company should invest a great amount of money in advertising.

“父母”定义：
Our parents are people who give us life, parenting and upbringing.
可能用到的题目：
Parents spend too much time in deciding what their children do in the future; children should make their own choices.

“家庭教育”定义：
 Family education is the first education one receives, and in large part determines his/her characters and capabilities.
可能用到的题目：
Parents today are more involved in their children’s education than in the past.

“博物馆”定义：
A museum is a building where a large number of interesting and valuable objects, such as works of art or historical items, are kept, studied, and displayed to the public.
 可能用到的题目：
Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.

“宠物”定义：
A pet is an animal that you keep in your home to give you company and pleasure.
可能用到的题目：
The best way to teach a child responsibility is to let him/her keep an animal.