托福考试是申请美国留学的考生都要参加的考试。以下是考生分享的2013年1月12日首场托福阅读考试机经回忆的内容，即将参加托福考试的考生们可以借鉴参考一下试题，为下一次的新托福考试做好充足准备。希望对大家的美国留学托福阅读考试有所帮助。

考试时间：2013年1月12日

印加文明的记录

【机经回忆】

印加文明的记载(西班牙人记的)。

一个古代国家(好像叫luca)由于自己没有writing system，所以对于他们历史的记载都是西班牙人写的，不客观，有偏见和误差。例如同一条路线上的地方，不同writer给他们起了不同的名字。

词汇题 drawback=disadvantage just=fair

sequentially=one after another

【重点词汇解析】

drawback=disadvantage 缺点，不利条件

just=fair 公平的

sequentially [s?'kw?n??li] =one after another 从而;继续地;循序地

writing system 写字系统

Spain 西班牙

objective 客观的

bias 偏见

error 误差

writer作家

【机经解析】

印加文明无传统记录形式

Written Records of the Inca

But it did not have what most of the rest of the world would recognize as a writing system. No carved stone, no papyrus, no wedges pressed into clay, no lines painted on potsherds. Nothing like that.

Incan myths were an oral tradition until early Spanish colonists recorded them; however, some scholars believe that they may have been recorded on quipus, Andean knotted string records

西班牙统治者对印加文明记录的怀疑和压迫

Spanish Conquerors

A valuable source of early information is the work "The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru" by Pedro de Cienza de Leon. He was a conquistador and wrote his account in 1540, seven years after Pizarro invaded the Inca territory. He describes the quipus as a means of recording economic output, census, the production of gold and silver objects, taxes and tributes and other numeric uses. He expresses his amazement at the Inca's track keeping of the empire's population, widows, workmen etc, all by means of quipus.

However, the new Spanish rulers were highly suspicious of the quipus. They feared that the 'secret' system might be used against them or that they might contain pageant symbols undermining Catholicism. The result was, that many quipus were destroyed.

以上就是2013年1月12日首场托福阅读考试机经回忆的全部内容，各位考生可以以此作为参考，做好复习。最后预祝各位考生取得理想的成绩!

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