1. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. (During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway). Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. (Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.)

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a principle that the argument relies on and the second is a conclusion that can be drawn from the first.

(B) The first is a fact that argument relies on and the second is a conclusion that must be drawn from this argument.

(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that supports that main position; the second is that conclusion.

(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion, the second is that conclusion.

(E) The first is a principle that is necessary for this argument, the second is a conclusion that could be drawn from this argument.

参考答案：E

思路：Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)(During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway). (Principle)Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(evidence) (Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.)(conclusion)

本题争论主要在(B)和(E)。第一部分是fact or principle?

根据(from Cambridge Dictionary of American English)

principle (BASIC TRUTH)

noun [C often pl]

a basic truth that explains or controls how something happens or works

the principles of Newtonian physics

During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway). 讲述了一个飞机降落时导航系统通过接受机场发出的无线电波来指导降落的基本事实，所以这一部分应为principle.

2. A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug. But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a general consideration that introduces the argument; the second is a special situation that weighs against the first.

(B) The first is a general principle that is necessary for this argument; the second is an anti-consideration that the argument includes.

(C) The first is a premise that this argument includes; the second is a main idea that can be drawn from this argument.

(D) The first is an evidence that this argument includes; the second is a conclusion that can not be drawn from this argument.

(E) The first is a general situation that supports this argument; the second is a conclusion that can be drawn from a special fact.

参考答案: B

思路：A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(principle) But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo. (anti-coideration)

网友的观点：

Vrylwj: 我认为C不太对。(C) The first is a premise that this argument includes; the second is a main idea that can be drawn from this argument. premise 应是支持argment. the first 没有支持。main idea 的说法也不太好。我最初是想在A和B中选一个的。最后还是选了B. 我认为A不好。因为the second应该也是结论的一部分，而不是special situation weigh against the first.

Cooperqi: 第二句并不是用来反对第一句的，而是提出相反的结论

完全同意。选B

3. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X, but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a fact in support of the consideration that is one of two points of this argument; the second is the alternative point that weighs against the first.

(B) The first is an evidence that supports the consideration that the argument includes; the second is the fact that weighs against that consideration that could be drawn from the first.

(C) The first is a general principle that is against the conclusion; the second is that conclusion.

(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion; the second is an exceptional example.

(E) The first is a fact in support of the conclusion that the argument depends on; the second is a fact that is against the first one.

参考答案：B

思路：The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact) A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. (evidence) Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(consideration that can be drawn from the first one) but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y. (fact)

Answer is B: The first is an evidence that supports the consideration that the argument includes; the second is the fact that weighs against that consideration that could be drawn from the first.

 

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